Engineering College & Research Insturments

Working Principle
The principle used in the measurement of velocity (ν) is based on the accurate determination of the wavelength (λ) in the medium. Ultrasonic waves of known frequency (f) are produced by a quartz crystal fixed at the bottom of the cell. These waves are reflected by a movable metallic plate kept parallel to the quartz crystal. If the separation between these two plates is exactly a whole multiple of the sound wavelength, standing waves are formed in the medium. This acoustic resonance gives rise to an electrical reaction on the generator driving the quartz crystal and the anode current of the generator becomes a maximum. 

If the distance is now increased or decreased, and the variation is exactly one-half wavelength ( λ /2), or multiple of it, anode current becomes maximum. From the knowledge of wavelength ( λ ) the velocity (v) can be obtained by the relation: Velocity = Wavelength x Frequency 

v = λ x f

The Ultrasonic Interferometer consists of the following parts:

Optional: If the variation in the velocity with temperature is to be studied, water at various desired constant temperatures is made to circulate through the double walled jacket of the cell with external circulating water bath. 

A number of parameters related to ultrasonic velocity are:

• Comprehensibility
  
• Effective Debye Temperature
• Excess Enthalpy
• Hydrogen Bonding
• Intermolecular Free Length
• Salvation Number/ Hydration Number
• Vander Wall's Constant
• Rao's Constant
• Wada Constant
• Molecular Interaction
• Proton Relaxation Rate
• Relative Association
• Relaxation Time and Relaxation Strength
• Acoustic Impedance
• Stacking Constant
• Space Filling Factor
• Cohesive Energy Barrier
• Latent Heat Of Vaporization
• Specific Heat Ratio
• Miscibility and Compatibility of Blends and many more

Additional Information:

• Minimum Order Quantity: 1 Piece

Nano Fluid Heat Capacity Apparatus   

The Specific Heat of nanofluids decreases as nanoparticle concentration increases. The specific Heat of nanofluids increases with temperature. Thus future research are required to measure thermophysical properties of different nanofluids as a function of temperature and concentration. Our Nanofluid specific Heat Apparatus is a good tool for Research and Laboratory experiment for Nanotech Labs.

This apparatus is designed to measure Heat Capacity of nanofluids from RT+5°C to 70°C.

The apparatus will consist of following parts-

1. Cooling system like fridge available in the lab. Thermally insulated chamber with heating arrangement and Temperature measurement system as per block diagram.

2. Data logger unit for measurement of Time, voltage, current and temperatures at regular intervals.

The power to system will be provided by D.C. power source with specially designed constant current supply to measure power vs temperature rise. The logged table on computer will be displayed as under.

Fluid required-250 ml.

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• Minimum Order Quantity: 1 Piece

• Sound Velocity in nanofluid
• Adiabatic comprehensibility
• Whereρ is density of nanofluid.

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• Minimum Order Quantity: 1 Piece

Objective: Determination of Planck's constant using light emitting diodes (LED's) by observing the 'reverse photo-electric effect'.

Theory: If a bias voltage is passed across the LED, which is equal or greater than the difference in the energy of the bands, i.e. the barrier potential, then the bands will 'line up' and a current will flow. When current flows, electrons flow from the conduction band of the N type conductor and are forced up into the conduction band of the P type. Since the P type conductor's valance band is lacking in electrons and we are overpopulating its conduction band with the bias voltage the electrons readily fall into the 'holes' in the valance band of the P type conductor. When they fall, this energy is released in the form of a photon. The energy of the photon emitted can be written as:

Where h is Planck’s constant and v is its frequency. The energy of one electron is the charge of an electron (i.e. the current flow of one electron per second in amps) times the voltage. Using this knowledge we then form the equation:

where e = 1.6 x 10-19 C (electron charge) 
We then solve equation (1) for h and replace the E term with the equivalent of E in equation (2), as well as replace with:

Where c = 3 x 108 m/sec (speed of light)

We then get:
Or this equation can be rewritten as

It is this equation that we will use to determine Planck's constant. 

The Setup facilitates determination of Planck's Constant (h) by measuring the voltage drop across light-emitting diodes (LEDs) of different colors at a constant current. Current is chosen such that bulk resistance of the LED is neglected. A graph of V vs. λ-1 is plotted and its gradient gives the value of Planck's Constant as per equation (5).

Planck’s Constant Kit consists of the following parts:

Additional Information:

• Minimum Order Quantity: 1 Piece

Objective: Determination of dielectric constant of solids
Theory: A dielectric is a material having low electrical conductivity in comparison to that of a metal. It is characterized by its dielectric constant. Dielectric constant is measured as the ratio of the capacitance C of an electrical condenser filled with the dielectric to the capacitance C0 of the evacuated condenser i.e.

A simple experimental set up is designed to measure the dielectric constant of solid samples in both range- LOW & HIGH.

The experimental set-up consists of:

Additional Information:

• Minimum Order Quantity: 1 Piece

Additional Information:

• Minimum Order Quantity: 1 Piece

A dielectric is a material having low electrical conductivity in comparison to that of a metal. It is characterized by its dielectric

constant. Dielectric constant is measured as the ratio of the capacitance C of an electrical condenser filled with the dielectric to the capacitance C0 of the evacuated condenser i.e.

ε = C/C⁰

Knowledge of the dielectric constant is of interest particularly to the Physicists and Engineers. A simple experimental set up is designed to measure the dielectric constant of solid samples in both range- LOW & HIGH.

The experimental set-up consists of :

i) Main Unit having audio oscillator (1 KHz), digital voltmeter (0 – 9.99 V dc), standard

capacitance and electronic circuitry.

ii) Dielectric Cells: 75 mm Gold plated brass discs (1 set) and 25 mm Gold plated brass

discs (1 set).

iii) Samples : Low Range : Glass, Backelite

Hi Range : PZT DISC

Additional Information:

• Minimum Order Quantity: 1 Piece

Theory: Dipole Meter is an adaptable instrument that is used for measuring the dielectric constant of non-polar liquids. In the equipments a particular circuit has been developed for audio oscillator that produces stabilized wave. In this experiment dielectric cell is standardized using reference liquid having known dielectric constant by immersing the dielectric cell assembly in to reference Liquid. Then experimental liquid whose dielectric constant has to be determined is taken and assembly is immersed into liquid, resulting in change in oscillation frequency. From resulting shift, capacitance of cell in unknown liquid is calculated (CX). Dielectric Constant of unknown liquid is calculated using relation:

Where Capacitance of Air,Capacitance of standard liquid, Capacitance of test liquid and dielectric constant of standard liquid solution of polar molecule having molecular wt. with non-polar solvent having molecular wt. in different concentrations, is considered. Molar Polarization of the mixture is obtained by relation

Where k is dielectric constant of the solution having mole fraction of polar molecule and mole fraction of non polar solvent and is the density of the mixture.

A graph between and is obtained The dipole moment is calculated using relation, Where T is absolute temperature, is molar polarization of non-polar liquid and is molar polarisation of non polar liquid.

Specifications:

Additional Information:

• Minimum Order Quantity: 1 Piece

Objective: To verify the existence of different harmonics and measure their relative amplitudes in complex wave(square, clipped sine wave, triangular wave etc.)

Theory: A kit has been designed to analyze any complex wave (square, clipped sine wave triangular wave etc.). It enables one to verify the existence of different harmonics and measure their relative amplitudes. Typical results obtained with the kit are shown below: 
              
Fourier Analysis Kit consists of the following parts:

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• Minimum Order Quantity: 1 Piece

Non-Destructive Testing of Material is an important part of Engineering Education as it gives information without deformation in the shape and size of the material. One of the NDT techniques, Piezoelectric Technique is widely used for the measurement of composition dependent properties such as ultrasonic velocity, compressibility, elastic constant, Young’s modulus and Bulk modulus. Its suitability for metals, plastics, polymers and crystals etc. make it versatile tool for Engineering Physics, Material Science and Polymer Science. This NDT apparatus is being used in several I.I.T.s/Universities/Engineering Colleges for laboratory experiments and Research work.

Theory
In this technique the specimen is cemented to a quartz rod of identical cross section and resonant frequency of the composite system (fc) is determined using the apparatus. The resonant frequency of the quartz crystal (fq) is also determined. From the knowledge of fq, fc and the masses of the quartz and the specimen, the resonant frequency of the specimen is evaluated using the relation

Using the value of, the length of the specimen and the density of the specimen, the velocity of the ultrasonic waves in the specimen (v) and compressibility can be calculated using relations

Where is density of specimen.

Young's Modulus of specimen is calculated using relation

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• Minimum Order Quantity: 1 Piece

We are suppliers of B-H Curve Unit, It Consists of Electronic Circuity housed in a cabinet. One specimen of transformer stamping and another sample of ferrite ring is also supplied. This complete unit requires a C.R.O. to perform the experiment. The Unit enables one to trace the B-H loop (hysteresis) of a ferromagnetic specimen using a cathode ray oscilloscope. A measurement of the area of the loop leads to the evaluation of energy loss in the specimen.

One of the specimens used in the unit is made using transformer stampings.There are two windings on the specimen (primary and secondary). The primary is fed to low A.C. voltage (50 Hz). This produces a magnetic field H in the specimen. The voltage across R1 (resistance connected in series with the primary) is proportional to the magnetic field. It is given to the horizontal input of the CRO. The A.C. magnetic field induces a voltage in the secondary coil. The voltage induced is proportional to dB/dT (B-flux density). This voltage is applied to a passive integrating circuit. The output of the integrator is proportional to B and fed to the vertical input of the CRO. As a result of the application of a voltage proportional to H to the Horizontal (input axis and a voltage proportional to B to the vertical (input) axis, the loop shown in fig. 2 is formed. The transformer Fig.3 core may be replaced by a ferrite ring supplied with the instrument.

Specifications:

• A.C. voltage (50 Hz)
• input axis and a voltage proportional to B to the vertical (input) axis 
• dB/dT (B-flux density) 
• Applications - to perform the experiment 

Additional Information:

• Minimum Order Quantity: 1 Piece